The Register
Every law Congress has passed
97,863 laws from 1789 to 2026, as printed in the Statutes at Large, the official record of every act of Congress. 51,799 are public laws; 46,064 are private laws, which apply to named people or places, such as pensions, land claims and relief from debts.
1,573 laws of the 87th Congress, 1961–1963
An Act For The relief of American President Lines, Ltd., Nitto Shosen Co., Ltd., and Koninklijke Java-China-Paketvaart Lijnen N.V. (Royal Interocean Lines).
Private Law 87-187 · 75 Stat. 914 · September 8, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act Authorizing the establishment of the Fort Smith National Historic Site, in the State of Arkansas, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-215 · 75 Stat. 489 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend chapter 50 of title 18, United States Code, with respect to the transmission of bets, wagers, and related information.
Public Law 87-216 · 75 Stat. 491 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize and direct the Secretary of the Treasury to cause the vessel Acadia, owned by Robert J. Davis of Port Clyde, Maine, to be documented as a vessel of the United States with coastwise privileges.
Public Law 87-217 · 75 Stat. 492 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To provide means for the Federal Government to combat interstate crime and to assist the States in the enforcement of their criminal laws by prohibiting the interstate transportation of wagering paraphernalia.
Public Law 87-218 · 75 Stat. 492 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To facilitate administration of the fishery loan fund established by section 4 of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-219 · 75 Stat. 493 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To permit certain foreign-flag vessels to land their catches of fish in the Virgin Islands in certain circumstances, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-220 · 75 Stat. 493 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To prohibit destruction of, or injury to, certain property moving in interstate or foreign commerce, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-221 · 75 Stat. 494 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend title V of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, in order to clarify the construction subsidy provisions with respect to reconstruction, reconditioning and conversion, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-222 · 75 Stat. 494 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 723 of title 38 of the United States Code to provide for immediate payment of dividends on insurance heretofore issued under section 621 of the National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940 which has been converted or exchanged for new insurance under such section, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-223 · 75 Stat. 495 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To provide specific authority for Federal payments of the employer’s share of the cost of retirement systems for civilian employees of the National Guard and to extend the authority for withholding employee contributions to State retirement systems by permitting deductions of employees’ contributions to State-sponsored plans providing retirement disability or death benefits.
Public Law 87-224 · 75 Stat. 496 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To provide for reasonable notice of applications to the United States courts appeals for interlocutory relief against the orders of certain administrative agencies.
Public Law 87-225 · 75 Stat. 497 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act incorporating the Washington Home for Foundlings and to define the powers of said corporation.
Public Law 87-226 · 75 Stat. 497 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Commissioners of the District of Columbia to regulate the keeping and running at large of dogs.
Public Law 87-227 · 75 Stat. 498 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend title 18, United States Code, to prohibit travel or transportation in commerce in aid of racketeering enterprises.
Public Law 87-228 · 75 Stat. 498 · September 13, 1961 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Amelia Andreoli D’Attorre.
Private Law 87-188 · 75 Stat. 915 · September 13, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Benjamin Schoenfeld.
Private Law 87-189 · 75 Stat. 915 · September 13, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Wolfgang Stresemann.
Private Law 87-190 · 75 Stat. 916 · September 13, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act To give to the Walker River Paiute Tribe the reserved minerals underlying its reservation.
Public Law 87-229 · 75 Stat. 499 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Seneca Leasing Act of August 14, 1950 (64 Stat. 442).
Public Law 87-230 · 75 Stat. 499 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To declare that the United States holds in trust for the pueblos of Santa Ana, Zia, Jemez, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cochiti, Isleta, and San Ildefonso certain public domain lands.
Public Law 87-231 · 75 Stat. 500 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To make certain funds available to the Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho.
Public Law 87-232 · 75 Stat. 505 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Coast and Geodetic Survey Commissioned Officers Act of 1948, as amended, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-233 · 75 Stat. 506 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act For the relief of certain members of the Army National Guard of the United States and the Air National Guard of the United States.
Public Law 87-234 · 75 Stat. 507 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act Providing for the disposition of judgment funds of the Omaha Tribe of Indians.
Public Law 87-235 · 75 Stat. 508 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Army to modify certain leases entered into for the provision of recreation facilities in reservoir areas.
Public Law 87-236 · 75 Stat. 509 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the transfer of three units of the Fort Belknap Indian irrigation project to the landowners within the project.
Public Law 87-237 · 75 Stat. 509 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the District of Columbia Alcoholic Beverage Control Act.
Public Law 87-238 · 75 Stat. 510 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To extend for two years the definition of “peanuts” which is now in effect under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938.
Public Law 87-239 · 75 Stat. 512 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 901 of title 38, United States Code, to provide that a flag shall be furnished to drape the casket of each deceased veteran of Mexican border service.
Public Law 87-240 · 75 Stat. 512 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Director, Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, to approve a financial contribution for civil defense purposes to the State of Oklahoma.
Public Law 87-241 · 75 Stat. 512 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 4(a) of the Act of April 1, 1942, so as to confer jurisdiction on the municipal court for the District of Columbia over certain counterclaims and crossclaims in any action in which such court has initial jurisdiction.
Public Law 87-242 · 75 Stat. 513 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend title VI of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, in order to increase certain limitations in payments on account of operating-differential subsidy under such title.
Public Law 87-243 · 75 Stat. 513 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of Interior to nominate citizens of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to be cadets at the United States Merchant Marine Academy.
Public Law 87-244 · 75 Stat. 514 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 35 of chapter III of the Life Insurance Act for the District of Columbia.
Public Law 87-245 · 75 Stat. 514 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
Marital Property Eights Amendments of 1961
An Act To amend the code of law for the District of Columbia so as to provide a new basis for determining certain marital property rights, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-246 · 75 Stat. 515 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 17 of the Interstate Commerce Act so as to authorize the delegation of certain duties to employee boards.
Public Law 87-247 · 75 Stat. 517 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Healing Arts Practice Act, District of Columbia, 1928, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-248 · 75 Stat. 518 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Life Insurance Act of the District of Columbia.
Public Law 87-249 · 75 Stat. 519 · September 14, 1961 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Margaret Jean Dauel.
Private Law 87-191 · 75 Stat. 916 · September 14, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to lease certain lands in the State of Utah to Joseph A. Workman.
Private Law 87-192 · 75 Stat. 916 · September 14, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act To direct the Secretary of the Interior to adjudicate a claim of the Greif Brothers Cooperage Corporation to certain land in Marengo County, Alabama.
Private Law 87-193 · 75 Stat. 917 · September 14, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Doctor Ferene Domjan and others.
Private Law 87-194 · 75 Stat. 918 · September 14, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of David C. Thomas, Robert W. Barber, Milton A. Chace, and Richard F. Turner.
Private Law 87-195 · 75 Stat. 918 · September 14, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Andrew Telesfor Kostanecki.
Private Law 87-196 · 75 Stat. 919 · September 14, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act To amend the law establishing the Indian revolving loan fund.
Public Law 87-250 · 75 Stat. 520 · September 15, 1961 · Original text
An Act For the relief of the Princess Anne County School Board, Virginia.
Public Law 87-251 · 75 Stat. 520 · September 15, 1961 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Rear Admiral Carl H. Cotter.
Private Law 87-197 · 75 Stat. 919 · September 15, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act To make the Panama Canal Company immune from attachment or garnishment of salaries owed to its employees, and to amend the Shipping Act, 1916.
Public Law 87-252 · 75 Stat. 521 · September 16, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 331 of title 28 of the United States Code so as to provide for representation on the Judicial Conference of the United States.
Public Law 87-253 · 75 Stat. 521 · September 19, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Shipping Act, 1916, to provide for licensing independent ocean freight forwarders, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-254 · 75 Stat. 522 · September 19, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Federal Airport Act so as to extend the time for making grants under the provisions of such Act, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-255 · 75 Stat. 523 · September 20, 1961 · Original text
Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
An Act To provide for the improvement and strengthening of the international relations of the United States by promoting better mutual understanding among the peoples of the world through educational and cultural exchanges.
Public Law 87-256 · 75 Stat. 527 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act of July 23, 1947, chapter 301, as amended, to extend for two years the authority to make temporary appointments and promotions in the United States Coast Guard.
Public Law 87-257 · 75 Stat. 538 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend title 28, entitled “Judiciary and Judicial Procedure”, of the United States Code to provide for the defense of suits against Federal employees arising out of their operation of motor vehicles in the scope of their employment, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-258 · 75 Stat. 539 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the law relating to gambling in the District of Columbia.
Public Law 87-259 · 75 Stat. 540 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To provide for the free entry of a towing carriage for the use of the University of Michigan, and to increase the duty-free exemption of persons arriving in the United States who are not returning residents thereof.
Public Law 87-261 · 75 Stat. 541 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To establish a teaching hospital for Howard University, to transfer Freedmen’s Hospital to the University, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-262 · 75 Stat. 542 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act of August 16, 1957, relating to microfilming of papers of Presidents of the United States, to remove certain liabilities of the United States with respect to such activities.
Public Law 87-263 · 75 Stat. 544 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
Departments of State and Justice, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 1962
An Act Making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice, the Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-264 · 75 Stat. 545 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
District of Columbia Appropriation Act, 1962
An Act Making appropriations for the government of the District of Columbia and other activities chargeable in whole or in part against the revenues of said District for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-265 · 75 Stat. 560 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended, to encourage the construction and maintenance of American-flag vessels built in American shipyards.
Public Law 87-266 · 75 Stat. 565 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To repeal sections 1176 and 1177 of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia.
Public Law 87-267 · 75 Stat. 565 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend title 38, United States Code, to increase dependency and indemnity compensation in certain cases.
Public Law 87-268 · 75 Stat. 566 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act to provide for the immediate disposition of certain waterfowl feathers and down.
Public Law 87-269 · 75 Stat. 566 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To extend to employees subject to the Classification Act of 1949 the benefits of salary increases in connection with the protection of basic compensation rates from the effects of downgrading actions, to provide salary protection for postal field service employees in certain cases of reduction in salary standing, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-270 · 75 Stat. 567 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend section 607(b) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936, as amended.
Public Law 87-271 · 75 Stat. 570 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act To repeal an Act entitled “An Act extending the time in which to file adverse claims and institute adverse suits against mineral entries in the district of Alaska”, approved June 7, 1910 (36 Stat. 459).
Public Law 87-260 · 75 Stat. 841 · September 21, 1961 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Chief Warrant Officer James M. Cook.
Private Law 87-198 · 75 Stat. 919 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief William C. Winter, Junior, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Force (Medical Corps).
Private Law 87-199 · 75 Stat. 920 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Henry James Taylor.
Private Law 87-200 · 75 Stat. 920 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Charles P. Redick.
Private Law 87-201 · 75 Stat. 921 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Ralph E. Swift and his wife, Sally Swift.
Private Law 87-202 · 75 Stat. 921 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Harry Weinstein.
Private Law 87-203 · 75 Stat. 922 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of M. C. Pitts.
Private Law 87-204 · 75 Stat. 922 · September 21, 1961 · Private law · Original text
Joint Resolution To provide for the observance of the centennial of the enactment of the Homestead Act.
Public Law 87-272 · 75 Stat. 571 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act entitled “An Act relative to employment for certain adult Indians on or near Indian reservations”, approved August 3, 1956.
Public Law 87-273 · 75 Stat. 571 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act of 1961
An Act To provide Federal assistance for projects which will demonstrate or develop techniques and practices leading to a solution of the Nation’s juvenile delinquency control problems.
Public Law 87-274 · 75 Stat. 572 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act of June 1, 1948 (62 Stat. 281), to empower the Administrator of General Services to appoint nonuniformed special policemen.
Public Law 87-275 · 75 Stat. 574 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To make available to children who are handicapped by deafness the specially trained teachers of the deaf needed to develop their abilities and to make available to individuals suffering speech and hearing impairments the specially trained speech pathologists and audiologists needed to help them overcome their handicaps.
Public Law 87-276 · 75 Stat. 575 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To repeal that part of the Act of March 2, 1889, as amended, which requires that grantors furnish, free of all expenses to the Government, all requisite abstracts, official certifications and evidences of title.
Public Law 87-277 · 75 Stat. 577 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To change the designation of that portion of the Hawaii National Park on the island of Hawaii, in the State of Hawaii, to the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-278 · 75 Stat. 577 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to contract for the sale, operation, maintenance, repair, or relocation of Government-owned electric and telephone lines and other utility facilities used for the administration of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Public Law 87-279 · 75 Stat. 577 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
Physical Therapists Practice Act
An Act To regulate the practice of physical therapy in the District of Columbia.
Public Law 87-280 · 75 Stat. 578 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act entitled “An Act to regulate the height of buildings in the District of Columbia”, approved June 1, 1910, as amended.
Public Law 87-281 · 75 Stat. 583 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend title 23 of the United States Code with respect to Indian reservation roads.
Public Law 87-282 · 75 Stat. 584 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To provide for the restoration to Indian tribes of unclaimed per capita and other individual payments of tribal trust funds.
Public Law 87-283 · 75 Stat. 584 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the disposition of land no longer needed for the Chilocco Indian Industrial School at Chilocco, Oklahoma.
Public Law 87-284 · 75 Stat. 585 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 to provide reduced annuities to male employees who have attained age sixty-two, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-285 · 75 Stat. 585 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act Concerning the White House and providing for the care and preservation of its historic and artistic contents.
Public Law 87-286 · 75 Stat. 586 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To grant minerals, including oil, gas, and other natural deposits, on certain lands in the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Montana, to certain Indians, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-287 · 75 Stat. 586 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To donate to the Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Reservation, New Mexico, approximately 391.43 acres of federally owned land.
Public Law 87-288 · 75 Stat. 587 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to replace lateral pipelines, line discharge pipelines, and to do other work he determines to be required for the Avondale, Dalton Gardens, and Hayden Lake Irrigation Districts in the State of Idaho.
Public Law 87-289 · 75 Stat. 588 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriation Act, 1962
An Act Making appropriations for the Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, and related agencies, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-290 · 75 Stat. 589 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
Joint Resolution Designating the 17th day of December 1961 as “Wright Brothers Day”.
Public Law 87-291 · 75 Stat. 611 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
Joint Resolution Authorizing a celebration of the American patent system.
Public Law 87-292 · 75 Stat. 611 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
Peace Corps Act
An Act To provide for a Peace Corps to help the peoples of interested countries and areas in, meeting their needs for skilled manpower.
Public Law 87-293 · 75 Stat. 612 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act to promote the education of the blind, approved March 3, 1879, as amended, so as to authorize wider distribution of books and other special instruction materials for the blind, and to increase the appropriations authorized for this purpose, and to otherwise improve such Act.
Public Law 87-294 · 75 Stat. 627 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To expand and extend the saline water conversion program being conducted by the Secretary of the Interior.
Public Law 87-295 · 75 Stat. 628 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
An Act To further amend Reorganization Plan Numbered 1 of 1958, as amended, in order to change the name of the office established under such plan, and for other purposes.
Public Law 87-296 · 75 Stat. 630 · September 22, 1961 · Original text
By Congress
- 119th 2025 · 136
- 118th 2023 · 274
- 117th 2021 · 365
- 116th 2019 · 344
- 115th 2017 · 443
- 114th 2015 · 329
- 113th 2013 · 296
- 112th 2011 · 284
- 111th 2009 · 385
- 110th 2007 · 460
- 109th 2005 · 483
- 108th 2003 · 504
- 107th 2001 · 337
- 106th 1999 · 604
- 105th 1997 · 404
- 104th 1995 · 337
- 103rd 1993 · 473
- 102nd 1991 · 610
- 101st 1989 · 666
- 100th 1987 · 761
- 99th 1985 · 688
- 98th 1983 · 677
- 97th 1981 · 529
- 96th 1979 · 736
- 95th 1977 · 805
- 94th 1975 · 729
- 93rd 1973 · 774
- 92nd 1971 · 769
- 91st 1969 · 942
- 90th 1967 · 1,002
- 89th 1965 · 1,283
- 88th 1963 · 1,026
- 87th 1961 · 1,573
- 86th 1959 · 1,292
- 85th 1957 · 1,721
- 84th 1955 · 1,909
- 83rd 1953 · 1,784
- 82nd 1951 · 1,640
- 81st 1949 · 2,000
- 80th 1947 · 1,365
- 79th 1945 · 1,626
- 78th 1943 · 1,157
- 77th 1941 · 1,489
- 76th 1939 · 1,659
- 75th 1937 · 1,760
- 74th 1935 · 1,724
- 73rd 1933 · 975
- 72nd 1931 · 861
- 71st 1929 · 1,506
- 70th 1927 · 1,722
- 69th 1925 · 1,423
- 68th 1923 · 996
- 67th 1921 · 930
- 66th 1919 · 594
- 65th 1917 · 453
- 64th 1915 · 684
- 63rd 1913 · 700
- 62nd 1911 · 717
- 61st 1909 · 881
- 60th 1907 · 621
- 59th 1905 · 7,020
- 58th 1903 · 4,043
- 57th 1901 · 2,773
- 56th 1899 · 1,959
- 55th 1897 · 1,438
- 54th 1895 · 947
- 53rd 1893 · 712
- 52nd 1891 · 721
- 51st 1889 · 2,188
- 50th 1887 · 1,824
- 49th 1885 · 1,452
- 48th 1883 · 970
- 47th 1881 · 761
- 46th 1879 · 650
- 45th 1877 · 746
- 44th 1875 · 578
- 43rd 1873 · 859
- 42nd 1871 · 1,014
- 41st 1869 · 771
- 40th 1867 · 769
- 39th 1865 · 715
- 38th 1863 · 516
- 37th 1861 · 526
- 36th 1859 · 382
- 35th 1857 · 314
- 34th 1855 · 435
- 33rd 1853 · 540
- 32nd 1851 · 308
- 31st 1849 · 171
- 30th 1847 · 456
- 29th 1845 · 356
- 28th 1843 · 279
- 27th 1841 · 525
- 26th 1839 · 147
- 25th 1837 · 533
- 24th 1835 · 459
- 23rd 1833 · 392
- 22nd 1831 · 461
- 21st 1829 · 370
- 20th 1827 · 234
- 19th 1825 · 269
- 18th 1823 · 337
- 17th 1821 · 237
- 16th 1819 · 210
- 15th 1817 · 262
- 14th 1815 · 305
- 13th 1813 · 271
- 12th 1811 · 208
- 11th 1809 · 119
- 10th 1807 · 106
- 9th 1805 · 110
- 8th 1803 · 112
- 7th 1801 · 96
- 6th 1799 · 115
- 5th 1797 · 157
- 4th 1795 · 86
- 3rd 1793 · 133
- 2nd 1791 · 80
- 1st 1789 · 119
From the U.S. Statutes at Large, volumes 1 through 138, published by the Government Publishing Office on GovInfo; laws signed since the latest printed volume come from GovInfo’s public and private law files. Treaties, proclamations and concurrent resolutions, which share those volumes, are not laws and are left out. The oldest volumes were digitized from print, so a few dates could not be read; for those we show the year from the laws printed alongside. Short names come from each law’s own “may be cited as” clause.