The Register
Every law Congress has passed
97,863 laws from 1789 to 2026, as printed in the Statutes at Large, the official record of every act of Congress. 51,799 are public laws; 46,064 are private laws, which apply to named people or places, such as pensions, land claims and relief from debts.
1,365 laws of the 80th Congress, 1947–1949
Joint Resolution To provide for the maintenance of public order and the protection of life and property in connection with the Presidential inaugural ceremonies of 1949.
Ch. 374 · 62 Stat. 286 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution Authorizing the granting of permits to the Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies on the occasion of the inauguration of the President-elect in January 1949, and for other purposes.
Ch. 375 · 62 Stat. 287 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend the Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920, and the Potassium Act of February 7, 1927, in order to promote the development of certain minerals on the public domain; and for other purposes.
Ch. 379 · 62 Stat. 289 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide for the acquisition of the hospital at Camp White, Medford, Oregon, and Schick General Hospital, Clinton, Iowa, for use as domiciliary facilities by the Veterans’ Administration.
Ch. 380 · 62 Stat. 292 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend an Act entitled “An Act to authorize the Postmaster General to contract for certain powerboat service in Alaska, and for other purposes”, approved August 10, 1939 (53 Stat. 1338).
Ch. 381 · 62 Stat. 292 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To reduce in area the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge in Essex County, Massachusetts, and for other purposes.
Ch. 382 · 62 Stat. 293 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act Granting the consent of Congress to the States of Idaho and Wyoming to negotiate and enter into a compact for the division of the waters of the Snake River and its tributaries originating in either of the two States and flowing into the other.
Ch. 383 · 62 Stat. 294 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend section 203 of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, designating certain public lands as available home lands.
Ch. 384 · 62 Stat. 295 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To ratify sections 1 and 2 of Joint Resolution 7 enacted by the Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii in its regular session of 1947.
Ch. 385 · 62 Stat. 295 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend section 20 (12) of the Interstate Commerce Act, with respect to recourse, by an initial or delivering carrier, against the carrier on whose line loss of, or damage or injury to, property is sustained, on account of expense incurred in defending actions at law.
Ch. 386 · 62 Stat. 295 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To approve Act Numbered 74 of the Session Laws of 1947 of the Territory of Hawaii, entitled “An act relating to revenue bonds of the Territory of Hawaii”, and Act Numbered 95 of the Session Laws of 1947 of the Territory of Hawaii, entitled “An act relating to Territorial and county public improvements and the financing thereof by the issuance of revenue bonds”.
Ch. 387 · 62 Stat. 296 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To ratify Act 237 of the Session Laws of Hawaii 1947.
Ch. 388 · 62 Stat. 296 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize payments to the public school district or districts serving the Fort Peck project, Montana, for the education of dependents of persons engaged on that project.
Ch. 389 · 62 Stat. 297 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
Coast and Geodetic Survey Commissioned Officers’ Act of 1948
An Act To provide for the distribution, promotion, separation, and retirement of commissioned officers of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and for other purposes.
Ch. 390 · 62 Stat. 297 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide for the conveyance of certain land to the State of Oklahoma for the use and benefit of the Northeastern State College at Tahlequah, Oklahoma.
Ch. 391 · 62 Stat. 301 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To eliminate the requirement of oaths in certain land matters, and for other purposes.
Ch. 392 · 62 Stat. 301 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide for the addition of certain surplus Government lands to the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area project, and for other purposes.
Ch. 393 · 62 Stat. 301 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To allow service credit for certain enlisted men of the Coast Guard who acted as policemen and guards at the Ivigtut Cryolite Mine, Greenland, during 1940 and 1941.
Ch. 394 · 62 Stat. 302 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act of July 23, 1947 (61 Stat. 409) (Public Law Numbered 219 of the Eightieth Congress).
Ch. 395 · 62 Stat. 302 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend section 9 of the Act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 512).
Ch. 396 · 62 Stat. 302 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend section 203 of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, designating certain public lands as available home lands.
Ch. 397 · 62 Stat. 303 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To confirm and ratify Act 205 of the session laws of 1947 of the Territory of Hawaii, relating to the issuance of public-improvement bonds.
Ch. 398 · 62 Stat. 304 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend an Act entitled “An Act to allow credit in connection with certain homestead entries for military or naval service rendered during World War II.”
Ch. 399 · 62 Stat. 305 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, and the Judiciary Appropriation Act, 1949
An Act Making appropriations for the Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, and the Judiciary, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.
Ch. 400 · 62 Stat. 305 · June 3, 1948 · H. R. 5607 · Original text
An Act To authorize the conveyance to States, or political subdivisions, of roads leading to certain historical areas administered by the Department of the Interior, and for other purposes.
Ch. 401 · 62 Stat. 334 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act of May 16, 1946 (Public Law 383, Seventy-ninth Congress), as amended, to provide increased allowances for the escorts of repatriated war dead.
Ch. 402 · 62 Stat. 334 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act Relating to the issuance of reentry permits to certain aliens.
Ch. 403 · 62 Stat. 335 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend an Act entitled “An Act to incorporate the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia”, approved January 6, 1893, as amended.
Ch. 404 · 62 Stat. 335 · June 3, 1948 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Caffey Robertson-Smith, Incorporated.
Ch. 376 · 62 Stat. 1364 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of the Consolidated Steel Corporation of Los Angeles, California.
Ch. 377 · 62 Stat. 1365 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of the Harbor Boat Building Company; the Wilmington Welding and Boiler Works; and B & R Machine Works, of Los Angeles, California.
Ch. 378 · 62 Stat. 1365 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Michel Ferapontow.
Ch. 405 · 62 Stat. 1365 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Dora Greenbaum (Brenner).
Ch. 406 · 62 Stat. 1366 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Filiberto A. Bonaventura.
Ch. 407 · 62 Stat. 1366 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Colbert H. Cannon.
Ch. 408 · 62 Stat. 1366 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Doctor Timothy C. H. Liang and Doctor Esther Chang Liang.
Ch. 409 · 62 Stat. 1367 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Mrs. Margaret K. Cahn.
Ch. 410 · 62 Stat. 1367 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Mrs. Charlotte D. Wang, Harvey S. P. Wang, and Arthur Y. P. Wang.
Ch. 411 · 62 Stat. 1367 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of James M. Dingwall, Junior; Aileen Reynolds; Bert Woolslayer; and Mrs. Maisie Purser Davis.
Ch. 412 · 62 Stat. 1368 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Theodore Loetsch.
Ch. 413 · 62 Stat. 1368 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized representative to quitclaim a perpetual easement over certain lands adjacent to the Fort Myers Army Airfield, Florida.
Ch. 414 · 62 Stat. 1369 · June 3, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act Authorizing modifications in the repayment contracts with the Lower Yellowstone Irrigation District Numbered 1 and the Lower Yellowstone Irrigation District Numbered 2.
Ch. 415 · 62 Stat. 336 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize the State of Minnesota to condemn lands owned by the United States in the county of Cass, State of Minnesota, for fish propagation, and for other purposes.
Ch. 416 · 62 Stat. 337 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide adequate school facilities within Yellowstone National Park, and for other purposes.
Ch. 417 · 62 Stat. 338 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
An Act To establish a District of Columbia Armory Board, and for other purposes.
Ch. 418 · 62 Stat. 339 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
An Act To continue for a temporary period certain powers, authority, and discretion conferred on the President by the Second Decontrol Act of 1947, and for other purposes.
Ch. 419 · 62 Stat. 342 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To provide for the issuance of a special postage stamp series in honor of volunteer firemen.
Ch. 420 · 62 Stat. 343 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To authorize the issuance of a special series of stamps commemorative of the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of Fort Kearney in the State of Nebraska.
Ch. 421 · 62 Stat. 343 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To authorize the issuance of a stamp commemorative of the golden anniversary of the consolidation of the Boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond, which boroughs now comprise New York City.
Ch. 422 · 62 Stat. 343 · June 4, 1948 · Original text
An Act Relating to the meat-inspection service of the Department of Agriculture.
Ch. 423 · 62 Stat. 344 · June 5, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend section 10 of the Act establishing a National Archives of the United States Government.
Ch. 424 · 62 Stat. 344 · June 8, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend paragraph 813 of the Tariff Act of 1930.
Ch. 425 · 62 Stat. 344 · June 8, 1948 · Original text
An Act To continue until the close of June 30, 1949, the present suspension of import duties on scrap iron, scrap steel, and nonferrous metal scrap.
Ch. 426 · 62 Stat. 344 · June 8, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To permit articles imported from foreign countries for the purpose of exhibition at the International Industrial Exposition, Incorporated, Atlantic City, New Jersey, to be admitted without payment of tariff, and for other purposes.
Ch. 427 · 62 Stat. 345 · June 8, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide for the treatment of sexual psychopaths in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes.
Ch. 428 · 62 Stat. 346 · June 9, 1948 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Robert E. Lauritzen.
Ch. 429 · 62 Stat. 1369 · June 9, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to convey certain lands in Powell Townsite, Wyoming, Shoshone reclamation project, Wyoming, to the James S. McDonald Post 5054, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Powell, Wyoming.
Ch. 430 · 62 Stat. 1370 · June 9, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Edgar Wikner Percival.
Ch. 431 · 62 Stat. 1370 · June 9, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Thomas A. W. Elder.
Ch. 432 · 62 Stat. 1371 · June 9, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act To amend section 13 of the Surplus Property Act of 1944, as amended, to provide for the disposition of surplus real property to States, political subdivisions, and municipalities for use as public parks, recreational areas, and historic monument sites, and for other purposes.
Ch. 433 · 62 Stat. 350 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend the Civil Service Act to remove certain discrimination with respect to the appointment of persons having any physical handicap to positions in the classified civil service.
Ch. 434 · 62 Stat. 351 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to have made by the Public Roads Administration and the National Park Service a joint reconnaissance survey of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal between Great Falls, Maryland, and Cumberland, Maryland, and to report to the Congress upon the advisability and practicability of constructing thereon a parkway, and for other purposes.
Ch. 435 · 62 Stat. 351 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide for the disposal of surplus sand at Fort Story, Virginia.
Ch. 436 · 62 Stat. 352 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend the Act of April 25, 1947, relating to the establishment of the Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park, and for other purposes.
Ch. 437 · 62 Stat. 352 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To authorize the issuance of a special series of stamps commemorative of the one-hundredth anniversary of the poultry industry in the United States.
Ch. 438 · 62 Stat. 354 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To authorize the issuance of a special series of stamps commemorative of the one-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the American Turners Society in the United States.
Ch. 439 · 62 Stat. 354 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide for payment of salaries covering periods of separation from the Government service in the case of persons improperly removed from such service.
Ch. 447 · 62 Stat. 354 · June 10, 1948 · Original text
An Act For the relief of Ern Wright.
Ch. 440 · 62 Stat. 1371 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Mrs. Irma M. Pierce and Charles Z. Pierce.
Ch. 441 · 62 Stat. 1371 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Jack O’Donnell Graves.
Ch. 442 · 62 Stat. 1372 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of E. W. Strong.
Ch. 443 · 62 Stat. 1372 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Gudrun Emma Ericsson.
Ch. 444 · 62 Stat. 1373 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of William M. Looney.
Ch. 445 · 62 Stat. 1373 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act For the relief of Basque aliens.
Ch. 446 · 62 Stat. 1373 · June 10, 1948 · Private law · Original text
Joint Resolution To amend section 303 of the Act entitled “An Act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes”.
Ch. 448 · 62 Stat. 356 · June 11, 1948 · Original text
Women’s Armed Services Integration Act of 1948
An Act To establish the Women’s Army Corps in the Regular Army, to authorize the enlistment and appointment of women in the Regular Air Force, Regular Navy and Marine Corps, and in the Reserve components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, and for other purposes.
Ch. 449 · 62 Stat. 356 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Air Force to proceed with construction at military installations, and for other purposes.
Ch. 450 · 62 Stat. 375 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize the payment of a lump sum, in the amount of $85,000, to the village of Highland Falls, New York, as a contribution toward the cost of construction of a water-filtration plant, and for other purposes.
Ch. 451 · 62 Stat. 381 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To remove the statutory limit of appropriation expenditures for repairs or changes to a vessel of the Navy.
Ch. 452 · 62 Stat. 382 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize the construction, operation, and maintenance, under Federal reclamation laws, of the Kennewick division of the Yakima project, Washington.
Ch. 453 · 62 Stat. 382 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend paragraph 1772 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended.
Ch. 454 · 62 Stat. 383 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To add certain lands to the Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park, in the State of North Dakota, and for other purposes.
Ch. 455 · 62 Stat. 384 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend an Act of Congress approved February 9, 1881, which granted a right-of-way for railroad purposes through certain lands of the United States in Richmond County, New York.
Ch. 456 · 62 Stat. 385 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend section 303 (e) of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended.
Ch. 457 · 62 Stat. 386 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To withdraw certain land as available land within the meaning of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 (42 Stat. 108), as amended, and to restore it to its previous status under the control of the Territory of Hawaii.
Ch. 458 · 62 Stat. 387 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To extend the time for the release, free of estate and gift tax, of powers of appointment, and for other purposes.
Ch. 459 · 62 Stat. 387 · June 12, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize and direct the Secretary of the Interior to issue to John F. Compton, formerly John Crazy Bull, a patent in fee to certain land.
Ch. 460 · 62 Stat. 1374 · June 12, 1948 · Private law · Original text
An Act Authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to issue to James P. Love a patent to certain lands in the State of Mississippi.
Ch. 461 · 62 Stat. 1374 · June 12, 1948 · Private law · Original text
Joint Resolution Providing for appropriate observance of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of Washington and Lee University.
Ch. 462 · 62 Stat. 388 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
An Act To provide a method of paying certain unsettled claims for damages sustained as a result of the explosions at Port Chicago, California, on July 17, 1944, in the amounts found to be due by the Secretary of the Navy.
Ch. 463 · 62 Stat. 389 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
An Act To amend sections 207, 213, 215, 216, 220, 222, and 225, of title 2 of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920, as amended.
Ch. 464 · 62 Stat. 390 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
Labor-Federal Security Appropriation Act, 1949
An Act Making appropriations for the Department of Labor, the Federal Security Agency, and related independent agencies, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.
Ch. 465 · 62 Stat. 394 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
Treasury and Post Office Departments Appropriation Act, 1949
An Act Making appropriations for the Treasury and Post Office Departments for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.
Ch. 466 · 62 Stat. 408 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1949
An Act Making appropriations for the Legislative Branch for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.
Ch. 467 · 62 Stat. 423 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution To maintain the status quo in respect of certain employment taxes and social-security benefits pending action by Congress on extended social-security coverage.
Ch. 468 · 62 Stat. 438 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
Joint Resolution Providing for membership and participation by the United States in the World Health Organization and authorizing an appropriation therefor.
Ch. 469 · 62 Stat. 441 · June 14, 1948 · Original text
An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct the Preston Bench project, Idaho, in accordance with the Federal reclamation laws.
Ch. 470 · 62 Stat. 442 · June 15, 1948 · Original text
Golden Nematode Act
An Act To provide for the protection of potato and tomato production from the golden nematode, and for other purposes.
Ch. 471 · 62 Stat. 442 · June 15, 1948 · Original text
The Supplemental Federal Security Agency Appropriation Act, 1949
An Act Making supplemental appropriations for the Federal Security Agency for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.
Ch. 472 · 62 Stat. 443 · June 16, 1948 · Original text
International Aviation Facilities Act
An Act To encourage the development of an international air-transportation system adapted to the needs of the foreign commerce of the United States, of the postal service, and of the national defense, and for other purposes.
Ch. 473 · 62 Stat. 450 · June 16, 1948 · Original text
By Congress
- 119th 2025 · 136
- 118th 2023 · 274
- 117th 2021 · 365
- 116th 2019 · 344
- 115th 2017 · 443
- 114th 2015 · 329
- 113th 2013 · 296
- 112th 2011 · 284
- 111th 2009 · 385
- 110th 2007 · 460
- 109th 2005 · 483
- 108th 2003 · 504
- 107th 2001 · 337
- 106th 1999 · 604
- 105th 1997 · 404
- 104th 1995 · 337
- 103rd 1993 · 473
- 102nd 1991 · 610
- 101st 1989 · 666
- 100th 1987 · 761
- 99th 1985 · 688
- 98th 1983 · 677
- 97th 1981 · 529
- 96th 1979 · 736
- 95th 1977 · 805
- 94th 1975 · 729
- 93rd 1973 · 774
- 92nd 1971 · 769
- 91st 1969 · 942
- 90th 1967 · 1,002
- 89th 1965 · 1,283
- 88th 1963 · 1,026
- 87th 1961 · 1,573
- 86th 1959 · 1,292
- 85th 1957 · 1,721
- 84th 1955 · 1,909
- 83rd 1953 · 1,784
- 82nd 1951 · 1,640
- 81st 1949 · 2,000
- 80th 1947 · 1,365
- 79th 1945 · 1,626
- 78th 1943 · 1,157
- 77th 1941 · 1,489
- 76th 1939 · 1,659
- 75th 1937 · 1,760
- 74th 1935 · 1,724
- 73rd 1933 · 975
- 72nd 1931 · 861
- 71st 1929 · 1,506
- 70th 1927 · 1,722
- 69th 1925 · 1,423
- 68th 1923 · 996
- 67th 1921 · 930
- 66th 1919 · 594
- 65th 1917 · 453
- 64th 1915 · 684
- 63rd 1913 · 700
- 62nd 1911 · 717
- 61st 1909 · 881
- 60th 1907 · 621
- 59th 1905 · 7,020
- 58th 1903 · 4,043
- 57th 1901 · 2,773
- 56th 1899 · 1,959
- 55th 1897 · 1,438
- 54th 1895 · 947
- 53rd 1893 · 712
- 52nd 1891 · 721
- 51st 1889 · 2,188
- 50th 1887 · 1,824
- 49th 1885 · 1,452
- 48th 1883 · 970
- 47th 1881 · 761
- 46th 1879 · 650
- 45th 1877 · 746
- 44th 1875 · 578
- 43rd 1873 · 859
- 42nd 1871 · 1,014
- 41st 1869 · 771
- 40th 1867 · 769
- 39th 1865 · 715
- 38th 1863 · 516
- 37th 1861 · 526
- 36th 1859 · 382
- 35th 1857 · 314
- 34th 1855 · 435
- 33rd 1853 · 540
- 32nd 1851 · 308
- 31st 1849 · 171
- 30th 1847 · 456
- 29th 1845 · 356
- 28th 1843 · 279
- 27th 1841 · 525
- 26th 1839 · 147
- 25th 1837 · 533
- 24th 1835 · 459
- 23rd 1833 · 392
- 22nd 1831 · 461
- 21st 1829 · 370
- 20th 1827 · 234
- 19th 1825 · 269
- 18th 1823 · 337
- 17th 1821 · 237
- 16th 1819 · 210
- 15th 1817 · 262
- 14th 1815 · 305
- 13th 1813 · 271
- 12th 1811 · 208
- 11th 1809 · 119
- 10th 1807 · 106
- 9th 1805 · 110
- 8th 1803 · 112
- 7th 1801 · 96
- 6th 1799 · 115
- 5th 1797 · 157
- 4th 1795 · 86
- 3rd 1793 · 133
- 2nd 1791 · 80
- 1st 1789 · 119
From the U.S. Statutes at Large, volumes 1 through 138, published by the Government Publishing Office on GovInfo; laws signed since the latest printed volume come from GovInfo’s public and private law files. Treaties, proclamations and concurrent resolutions, which share those volumes, are not laws and are left out. The oldest volumes were digitized from print, so a few dates could not be read; for those we show the year from the laws printed alongside. Short names come from each law’s own “may be cited as” clause.